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글감

金谷園 - 杜牧

중국 심붕(沈鵬) 선생님의 작품을 감상하다가 杜牧의 金谷園이란 시를 만났다. 그런데 결구의 落花猶似墜樓人를  落花猶有墜樓人로 써 놓아, 有자가 승구에 이어 두 차례가 나와서 이상하다 싶어서 확인해 보니 猶자로 씀이 옳았다. 이에 붓을 잡아 본다.

 

금곡원(金谷園)-두목(杜牧;803-853)


繁華事散逐香塵(번화사산축향진) 번화했던 지난 일들 향기 따라 흩어지고

流水無情草自春(류수무정초자춘) 흐르는 물은 무정하나 풀은 절로 봄이로다.

日暮東風怨啼鳥(일모동풍원제조) 해 저물자 이는 봄바람에 우는 새가 원망스러워

落花猶似墜樓人(낙화유사추누인) 낙화가 오히려 누대에서 떨어져 죽은 綠珠와 같아라.


【翻譯】:

繁華往事,已隨沉香煙塵飄蕩無存;

流水無情,野草谷年年以碧綠迎春。

啼鳥悲鳴,傍晚隨著東風聲聲傳來;

落花紛紛,恰似那墜樓的綠珠美人。



【注解】:

1、 金穀園:晉石崇的豪華宅第,故址在今河南洛陽。石崇有愛姬,當石遭人陷害被捕時,跳樓自殞。

2、香塵:石崇為教練家中舞妓步法,以沉香屑鋪象牙床上,使她們踐踏,無跡者賜以珍珠。

3、墜樓人:指石崇愛妾綠珠,曾為石崇墜樓而死。

【評析】:

   這首詩是詩人在經過金色谷園時,見到現在的園貌,而感慨萬分,觸景生情,引出吊古之思。此詩的主題不僅寫了人世的變遷無常,抨擊石崇一生驕奢卻也只是過客,還在於對女子綠珠之死寄予了作者深切的悼念與敬仰。從“事散”、“逐香塵”、“無情”、“自春”等詞句中見出世事過境遷;從“怨啼鳥”和“落花”中探視出讚揚綠珠的觀點。所謂“事散”,即謂石崇縱然是一世巨富,然百里的長筵也總有散盡之時,語涉譏諷。所謂“逐香塵”,即謂過去的事情已經一了百了,全都隨著沉香木細屑的被風吹盡而煙消雲散,貶意自現。“無情”、“自春”則以自然物的無動於衷表現歷史的正義裁決,更見激憤。因此對石崇的批判構成了主題的一半。主題的另一半則是對綠珠的褒揚。所謂“怨啼鳥”,即可看作此鳥既為石崇的淹沒而作哀,也可看成是對奇女子綠珠義行的怨憤。而“落花”則更能透出作者對綠珠墜樓事的同情色彩。因為花從來是美好事物的象徵,將綠珠喻作“落花”,顯然帶有惋惜、讚歎等感情,這是十分清楚的。本詩主要採用景中寓情的藝術手法,四句詩中共設七景:香塵、流水、草、日、東風、啼鳥、落花。有的是正景,即以此景正面烘托情感,如以“香塵”的被逐表明繁華已經消逝,“落花”的飄零表明作者對心目中所崇敬的人的哀掉。有的是反景,即以此景反面映襯情感,如流水和春草、東風和啼鳥,這些原先都是令人感到快慰的美景,可詩人卻用來反襯愁緒和怨情。這都說明詩人確是寫景高手。唐人七絕名家中被稱作“聖手”的只有兩人,一是李白,一是王昌齡。李擅長在七絕中寫景,王則擅長抒情。綜觀杜牧七絕,寫景抒情均為高手,對李、王可謂毫釐不讓,也是一代高手。詩人在此詩從歷史變遷又將思想感情躍進入對一位品格高潔的女子的追悼,使全詩在懷古之中更富於永恆的詩情詩意。

【簡析】詩人見到晉代石崇的金穀園一片荒涼,頓生滄桑之感,對其愛姬綠珠的身死也寄予的悲悼和同情。

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